Glossary of Terminology B archived - James Fitzgerald Therapy PLLC

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

B.F. Skinner

(1904-1990) Burrhus Frederic Skinner—more commonly known as B.F. Skinner—was a 20th century psychologist who developed the theory of radical behaviorism.

Bacterial Endocarditis

Inflammation of the heart lining (endocardium) due to bacterial infection and causing damage to the heart valves and impaired pumping action of the heart. Fever and other systemic symptoms ensue, including embolism and heart failure. The infection can be acquired by unhygienic intravenous drug administration or abuse.

Bacterial Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges, which form a protective covering for the brain and spinal cord, caused by bacterial infection, most commonly Neisseria meningitidis (the meningococcus), Haemophilus influenzae, or Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus). Meningococcal meningitis is highly contagious because the bacteria are present in the throat as well as the cerebrospinal fluid. Common symptoms of bacterial meningitis, which can result in severe morbidity or mortality, include fever, headache, nausea, weakness, and confusion. See also meningitis; tuberculous meningitis.

Basal Ganglia

A group of nuclei (neuron cell bodies) deep within the cerebral hemispheres of the brain that includes the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The putamen and globus pallidus are together known as the lenticular (or lentiform) nucleus, the lenticular nucleus and caudate nucleus are together known as the corpus striatum, and the caudate nucleus and putamen are together called the striatum. The basal ganglia are involved in the generation of goal-directed voluntary movement. Also called basal nuclei.

Baseline

Any data or information obtained prior to or at the onset of a study (e.g., before introduction of an intervention) that serves as a basis for comparison with data collected at a later point in time so as to assess the effects of particular manipulations or treatments. For example, a memory researcher may measure how many words from a list participants remember initially and then compare that figure to the number of words they remember following the use of a new mnemonic technique (i.e., the experimental manipulation). More generally, any stable level of performance used as a yardstick to assess the effects of particular manipulations or changes.

Baseline Assessment

A process of obtaining information about a participant’s status (e.g., ability level, psychological well-being) before exposure to an intervention, treatment, or other study manipulation. The information so obtained is compared to data gathered during the course of the research in order to identify any effects associated with the study conditions. The measurement of characteristics of humans and other animals at a particular point in development in order to evaluate natural changes in these characteristics over time.

Baseline Characteristic

Any of various qualities of a participant that are assessed prior to a study or intervention as they may potentially influence outcome measures. For example, a researcher evaluating the effect of a new stress-reduction technique on health status may examine such baseline characteristics as sex, age, and ethnicity.

Baseline Functioning

See premorbid functioning.

Baseline Measure

An observation of a participant’s response before the administration of any experimental intervention.

Baseline Performance

The measured rate of a behavior before introduction of an intervention, which allows comparison and assessment of the effects of the intervention. For example, a baseline for being off task is established before an intervention aimed at increasing on-task classroom behavior is delivered.

Bayes Theorem
A formula for calculating the probability that an event will occur that allows for the acquisition of new information regarding that event. For example, consider the probability that an individual will have a stroke within the next year. Using Bayes theorem, one could take an estimate of this probability based on general population data for that individual’s age group (i.e., the prior probability) and revise it to account for the results of that person’s stress tests and other cardiological markers, creating what is known as the posterior probability. [Thomas Bayes]

BDSM

BDSM refers to a set of sexual practices or kinks related to bondage, discipline, dominance/submission, and sadism/masochism. Activities in the realm of BDSM vary greatly and may focus on physical experiences, psychological pleasure or stimulation, or a combination of the two. Though some participants may engage in consensual nonconsent, BDSM practices involve consenting adults by definition. Rape, abuse, and assault are not BDSM practices.

Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)

A 21-item self-report measure used to assess the severity of anxiety in adults and to discriminate anxiety from depression. [Aaron T. Beck]

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

A self-report questionnaire designed to assess the severity of depressive symptoms in adolescents and adults. Extensively used in both clinical and research settings, it consists of 21 item groups, each of which includes four statements of increasing severity. Each group reflects a symptom or attitude associated with depression (e.g., loss of energy, self-dislike), and each statement has a numerical value from 0 to 3. Participants choose the statement within each group that most accurately reflects how they have felt within the past two weeks. The BDI was originally published in 1961; the most recent version is the BDI–II, published in 1996. [Aaron T. beck and colleagues]

Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS)

A scale of 20 true–false statements used to predict suicide risk by measuring an individual’s attitudes about the future, loss of motivation, and expectations. [Aaron T. Beck]

Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS)

A measure of the necessity for detailed questioning about a patient’s intentions, administered to patients who are considered to be at risk of suicide. [Aaron T. Beck]

Behavior

An organism’s activities in response to external or internal stimuli, including objectively observable activities, introspectively observable activities (see covert behavior), and nonconscious processes. More restrictively, any action or function that can be objectively observed or measured in response to controlled stimuli. Historically, behaviorists contrasted objective behavior with mental activities, which were considered subjective and thus unsuitable for scientific study. See behaviorism. —behavioral adj.

Behaviorism

An approach to psychology, formulated in 1913 by John B. Watson, based on the study of objective, observable facts rather than subjective, qualitative processes, such as feelings, motives, and consciousness. To make psychology a naturalistic science, Watson proposed to limit it to quantitative events, such as stimulus–response relationships, effects of conditioning, physiological processes, and a study of human and animal behavior, all of which can best be investigated through laboratory experiments that yield objective measures under controlled conditions. Historically, behaviorists held that mind was not a proper topic for scientific study since mental events are subjective and not independently verifiable. With its emphasis on activity as an adaptive function, behaviorism is seen as an outgrowth of functionalism. See descriptive behaviorism; methodological behaviorism; neobehaviorism; radical behaviorism.

Belladonna (alkaloid)
Any substance obtained from the shrub Atropa belladonna (commonly known as belladonna or deadly nightshade). Such substances were known to the ancient Hindus and were used in the Middle Ages as poisons (the genus is named for Atropos, eldest of the mythological Fates, who cuts the thread of life). Their pharmacology was unknown until the 1860s, when they were found to affect heart rate, salivary secretion, and other body functions. Atropine and scopolamine are the best known examples.

Bell’s Palsy

Paralysis of the facial nerve, causing weakness of the muscles on one side of the face and resulting in a distorted expression, inability to close the eye, and often taste loss and sensitivity to sound. [Charles Bell (1774–1842), Scottish surgeon and anatomist]

Bessel vanDer Kolk

Bessel van der Kolk, MD, is a clinician, researcher, and teacher best known for his work with posttraumatic stress. Author of “The Body Keeps the Score” Active in the field of mental health since the 1970s, he currently serves as medical director at the Trauma Center in Boston.

Bias

Bias refers to the inclination or prejudice in favor of or against something or someone, often without conscious awareness. It is a lens through which we view the world, shaped by our experiences, beliefs, and societal influences. Biases can be based on race, gender, age, appearance, political affiliations, and more. They can be explicit, consciously held beliefs, or implicit, hidden and subconscious biases that affect our perceptions and judgments.

In our complex world, our minds are constantly processing vast amounts of information. However, this process is not always as objective as we may believe. Bias, a concept deeply embedded in our cognition, influences how we perceive, interpret, and make decisions about the world around us. Recognizing and understanding bias is crucial for maintaining a balanced and mentally healthy perspective. In this article, we will explore the definition of bias, delve into various types of bias, and shed light on cognitive biases, emphasizing the importance of learning about these biases.

Bibb Latane

Bibb Latané is a prominent social psychologist known for his groundbreaking research on bystander intervention and social influence. Born in 1937, Latané has made significant contributions to our understanding of human behavior in group settings.

Latané is best known for his collaboration with John Darley on the seminal study known as the “bystander effect.” In 1968, Latané and Darley conducted a series of experiments to explore why individuals are less likely to offer help to someone in need when others are present. Their research revealed that the presence of other people can diffuse responsibility, leading to a decreased likelihood of intervention.

Bibliotherapy

Bibliotherapy is an approach to therapy or self-help that involves the use of books and reading as a therapeutic tool. It is based on the idea that literature has the power to promote healing and personal growth. By engaging with carefully selected books, individuals can explore their emotions, gain insight into their own lives, and find solace or inspiration.

Bibliotherapy can take different forms depending on the specific goals and needs of the individual. It can be done individually or in group settings, and it can be facilitated by a trained therapist or used as a self-help tool. The process typically involves the selection of books that are relevant to the person’s experiences or struggles, and then reading and reflecting on them.

Big Five Personality Traits

The Big Five Personality Traits, also known as the Five-Factor Model (FFM), is a widely accepted framework in psychology for describing and categorizing human personality traits. The model suggests that personality can be represented by five broad dimensions. These traits are considered relatively stable over time and have been extensively studied and validated through research. The five personality traits are:

1. Openness to Experience: This trait reflects a person’s willingness to explore new ideas, concepts, and experiences. People high in openness tend to be imaginative, curious, and open-minded. They are often creative, adaptable, and enjoy intellectual pursuits. Those low in openness are more conventional, prefer routine, and may be more resistant to change.

2. Conscientiousness: Conscientiousness describes a person’s level of organization, responsibility, and self-discipline. Individuals who score high on this trait tend to be diligent, dependable, and detail-oriented. They are often goal-oriented, reliable, and have a strong sense of duty. Those low in conscientiousness may be more spontaneous, less focused on deadlines, and prone to procrastination.

3. Extraversion: Extraversion represents the degree to which a person is outgoing, sociable, and energetic. Individuals high in extraversion are typically assertive, talkative, and enjoy being around others. They tend to draw energy from social interactions and are often seen as enthusiastic and positive. People low in extraversion, also known as introverts, prefer quieter settings, need alone time to recharge, and may be more reserved in social situations.

4. Agreeableness: Agreeableness reflects a person’s tendency to be compassionate, cooperative, and considerate of others. Individuals high in agreeableness are generally warm, friendly, and empathetic. They value harmonious relationships and are often seen as kind and helpful. Those low in agreeableness may be more competitive, skeptical, and less concerned with the needs and feelings of others.

5. Neuroticism (Emotional Stability): Neuroticism refers to the extent to which a person experiences negative emotions such as anxiety, insecurity, and moodiness. Individuals high in neuroticism tend to be more emotionally reactive and prone to worry and stress. They may experience greater levels of anxiety and are generally less resilient to negative events. People low in neuroticism, or high in emotional stability, are typically more emotionally resilient, calm, and less prone to negative emotions.

It’s important to note that the Big Five Personality Traits are not mutually exclusive, and individuals can possess varying degrees of each trait. These traits interact with each other to form a unique personality profile for each individual.

Binge Drinking

Binge drinking refers to the consumption of a large amount of alcohol within a short period, typically resulting in a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level of 0.08% or higher. This pattern of drinking can lead to various negative consequences, both short-term and long-term, for individuals and society as a whole. Short-term effects of binge drinking can include impaired judgment, poor coordination, memory problems, nausea, and a higher risk of accidents, injuries, or risky behavior. In extreme cases, alcohol poisoning can occur, which is a life-threatening condition. Long-term effects of binge drinking may include liver disease, cardiovascular problems, neurological damage, increased risk of certain cancers, addiction, and mental health issues such as depression and anxiety. Binge drinking can also negatively impact relationships, academic or work performance, and overall quality of life.

It’s important to note that binge drinking affects individuals differently, and factors such as age, overall health, tolerance, and frequency of binge drinking episodes can influence the severity of the consequences. To prevent or address binge drinking, it’s crucial to promote responsible alcohol consumption and educate individuals about the risks associated with excessive drinking. Strategies may include setting limits on alcohol intake, avoiding drinking games, seeking support from friends or professionals, and considering healthier alternatives to cope with stress or social pressures.

Binge Eating

Binge eating is a type of eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food within a short period, accompanied by a feeling of loss of control during the binge episode. Binge eating episodes are often associated with feelings of guilt, shame, and distress. It’s important to note that binge eating disorder is a distinct condition and should not be confused with occasional overeating or excessive food intake during special occasions. Here are some key points to understand about binge eating:

1. Symptoms: Binge eating disorder is diagnosed when a person experiences recurrent episodes of binge eating at least once a week for three months. During these episodes, individuals often consume large amounts of food quickly, even when not physically hungry. They may feel unable to stop eating or control the amount of food they consume. Binge eating episodes are typically accompanied by emotional distress.

2. Causes: The exact causes of binge eating disorder are not fully understood. However, it is believed to be a complex interplay of genetic, biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Some potential contributing factors include genetic predisposition, history of dieting or restrictive eating, body image concerns, low self-esteem, and emotional factors such as stress, depression, or trauma.

3. Health Consequences: Binge eating disorder can have significant physical and emotional consequences. The excessive food intake can lead to weight gain and subsequent health issues like obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes. The psychological impact may include feelings of guilt, shame, and self-criticism, which can further perpetuate the cycle of binge eating.

4. Treatment: Binge eating disorder is a treatable condition. If you or someone you know is struggling with binge eating, it is important to seek professional help. Treatment typically involves a combination of therapies, including psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or interpersonal therapy), nutritional counseling, and sometimes medication. Support groups and self-help strategies may also be beneficial.

5. Self-Help Strategies: While professional help is crucial, there are some self-help strategies that can complement treatment. These include establishing regular eating patterns, avoiding restrictive diets, identifying triggers and emotional cues for binge eating, finding alternative coping mechanisms for stress or emotional distress, practicing mindfulness and self-compassion, and building a supportive network of friends and family.

Bioenergetic Analysis

Bioenergetic analysis is a field of study that focuses on the energy flow and transformation within living organisms. It examines the processes involved in the conversion of nutrients into usable energy for cellular functions. Bioenergetics plays a fundamental role in understanding the metabolic pathways and energy exchanges that sustain life.

At the cellular level, bioenergetic analysis involves studying the mechanisms of energy production, primarily through two fundamental processes: cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

1. Cellular Respiration: This process occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and involves the breakdown of glucose and other organic molecules to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency of cells. Cellular respiration involves several interconnected pathways, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle or TCA cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation. Bioenergetic analysis investigates the efficiency of these pathways, the regulation of enzyme activity, and the overall energy balance within the cell.

2. Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic organisms, such as plants, algae, and some bacteria, convert light energy into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. Bioenergetic analysis of photosynthesis explores the mechanisms by which light energy is captured by pigments (e.g., chlorophyll) and used to generate ATP and reducing power (in the form of NADPH), which drive the synthesis of organic molecules, particularly glucose. It examines the efficiency of light absorption, electron transport, and carbon fixation processes.

Bioenergetic analysis employs various techniques and measurements to quantify energy-related parameters and understand cellular energy metabolism. Some of the common approaches used in bioenergetic analysis include:

1. Oxygen Consumption: Measuring the rate of oxygen consumption provides insight into the energy expenditure and efficiency of cellular respiration.

2. ATP Production: Assessing the production and utilization of ATP within cells helps determine the efficiency of energy production pathways and the metabolic status of organisms.

3. NADH/NADPH Levels: Monitoring the levels of the electron carriers NADH and NADPH gives insights into the redox state of cells and the balance between energy production and utilization.

4. Metabolomics: Analyzing the metabolites present in cells or tissues allows for a comprehensive understanding of the metabolic pathways involved in energy production and utilization.

5. Isotope Tracing: Using isotopically labeled compounds, researchers can track the flow of energy and determine the fate of specific metabolites within metabolic pathways.

Bioenergetic analysis has applications in various fields, including biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, and biomedical research. It helps unravel the complexities of energy metabolism, understand diseases linked to energy dysregulation, and develop therapeutic interventions targeting bioenergetic pathways.

Biofeedback

Biofeedback is a technique that involves monitoring and providing feedback on physiological processes in the body. It allows individuals to gain awareness and control over normally involuntary bodily functions. By using specialized equipment, such as sensors or electrodes, biofeedback measures and displays information about various physiological parameters, such as heart rate, blood pressure, skin temperature, muscle tension, brainwave activity, and respiration rate.

The primary goal of biofeedback is to help individuals become more aware of their bodily processes and learn techniques to modify them for improved health and well-being. By providing real-time information about their physiological responses, biofeedback enables people to recognize how certain thoughts, emotions, behaviors, or environmental factors influence their bodily functions.

During a biofeedback session, the individual typically receives visual or auditory feedback from a monitoring device. For example, a screen may display a graph representing heart rate variability, or a tone may change in pitch or volume based on muscle tension levels. The feedback provides information about the body’s current state, enabling the individual to learn how to modify their physiological responses.

Biofeedback is often used as a therapeutic tool for managing various health conditions, including stress-related disorders, anxiety, chronic pain, headaches, hypertension, and certain musculoskeletal disorders. By learning to regulate their physiological responses, individuals can potentially reduce symptoms, improve their overall health, and enhance their quality of life.

Biofeedback sessions are usually conducted by trained healthcare professionals, such as psychologists, physical therapists, or nurses. They guide the individual through the process, help interpret the feedback, and teach relaxation techniques or other strategies for self-regulation. Additionally, some biofeedback devices are available for home use, allowing individuals to practice and monitor their progress outside of therapy sessions.

It’s important to note that while biofeedback can be a valuable adjunct to treatment, it is not a standalone therapy and is often used in combination with other interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, relaxation techniques, or medication, depending on the specific condition being addressed.

Overall, biofeedback is a non-invasive and empowering technique that helps individuals gain control over their bodily functions by increasing their awareness and providing real-time feedback. It has the potential to improve various aspects of physical and mental health by promoting self-regulation and relaxation.

Biogenesis

Biogenesis refers to the process by which living organisms are produced or generated. It encompasses the formation and development of life from non-living matter, as well as the reproduction and growth of existing organisms. In the context of the origin of life, biogenesis theories propose that life arises from pre-existing living matter. This stands in contrast to the concept of spontaneous generation, which suggests that life can emerge from non-living materials. The prevailing scientific consensus supports biogenesis, with evidence pointing to the fact that all known life on Earth originated from earlier forms of life.

The specific mechanisms of biogenesis vary depending on the level of organization. At the molecular level, biogenesis involves the synthesis of complex organic molecules from simpler components, such as the formation of proteins from amino acids or the replication of DNA. At the cellular level, biogenesis encompasses cell division and reproduction. Multicellular organisms undergo processes of growth, development, and differentiation to form various tissues and organs. Biogenesis can occur through sexual or asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of genetic material from two parent organisms, resulting in offspring with a combination of genetic traits. Asexual reproduction, on the other hand, involves the production of offspring without the involvement of genetic recombination. This can occur through methods such as budding, fragmentation, or the production of spores.

Biogenetics

Biogenetics, also known as molecular genetics or genetic engineering, is a field of biology that focuses on the study of genes, genetic variation, and the application of genetic knowledge to manipulate and modify living organisms. It combines principles from genetics, molecular biology, and biotechnology to understand the structure and function of genes and how they influence the traits and characteristics of organisms.

The field of biogenetics encompasses a wide range of research areas and applications. Here are a few key aspects:

1. Gene Structure and Function: Biogenetics investigates the organization, structure, and regulation of genes within the genome. This includes studying the sequence of DNA, identifying coding and non-coding regions, understanding gene expression, and exploring the roles of genes in cellular processes and organismal development.

2. Genetic Variation: Biogenetics explores the diversity of genetic information within and between populations. This involves studying genetic mutations, polymorphisms, and variations in DNA sequences that contribute to phenotypic differences among individuals. It helps to understand genetic diseases, inherited traits, and population genetics.

3. Genetic Engineering: Biogenetics employs techniques to manipulate and modify genes for practical applications. This includes genetic engineering of organisms to introduce desired traits or modify existing ones. Genetic engineering techniques like gene cloning, gene editing (e.g., CRISPR-Cas9), and genetic modification of crops (e.g., genetically modified organisms or GMOs) fall within the realm of biogenetics.

4. Biomedical Applications: Biogenetics plays a crucial role in biomedical research and applications. It helps in the identification of disease-causing genes, development of diagnostic tests, and the design of targeted therapies. Biogenetics is also involved in the study of genetic disorders, personalized medicine, and gene therapy.

5. Agricultural and Industrial Applications: Biogenetics contributes to agricultural advancements by developing genetically modified crops with improved traits, such as disease resistance, increased yield, or enhanced nutritional content. It also finds applications in industrial biotechnology, including the production of biofuels, enzymes, and pharmaceuticals through genetically engineered microorganisms.

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings that include episodes of mania and depression. People with bipolar disorder experience shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels that can significantly impact their daily lives.

There are several types of bipolar disorder, including bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymic disorder, and other specified and unspecified bipolar disorders. Bipolar I disorder involves manic episodes that can last for at least seven days, and individuals may also experience depressive episodes. Bipolar II disorder is characterized by recurrent depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes that are less severe than full-blown mania.

Some key features of bipolar disorder include:

1. Manic episodes: These are characterized by an elevated or irritable mood, increased energy and activity levels, racing thoughts, decreased need for sleep, inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, reckless behavior, and impaired judgment.

2. Depressive episodes: These are marked by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, loss of interest in activities, changes in appetite and sleep patterns, low energy, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of death or suicide.

Bipolar disorder can have a significant impact on various aspects of life, including personal relationships, work or school performance, and overall well-being. The exact cause of bipolar disorder is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors.

Treatment for bipolar disorder usually involves a combination of medication, such as mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, or antidepressants, and psychotherapy. Psychoeducation and support from mental health professionals, as well as the support of family and friends, are also important in managing the condition.

It’s crucial for individuals with bipolar disorder to work closely with their healthcare providers to develop a personalized treatment plan and to actively participate in self-care practices, such as maintaining a stable routine, getting regular exercise, managing stress, and avoiding alcohol and drugs, which can worsen symptoms.

Birth Order

Birth order refers to the chronological order in which siblings are born within a family. It is a concept often studied in psychology and sociology to explore how birth order may influence various aspects of an individual’s personality, behavior, and development. While birth order theory suggests that different birth positions may shape certain characteristics, it is important to note that these generalizations may not apply to every individual, as many other factors, such as parenting style, genetics, and environmental influences, also contribute to one’s development.

Here are some common characteristics associated with each birth order position:

1. Firstborns: Firstborn children often exhibit traits such as reliability, ambition, leadership skills, and a tendency to be responsible. They may feel pressure to succeed and may be more comfortable in positions of authority or taking on caregiving roles.

2. Middle children: Middle children are often described as flexible, diplomatic, and sociable. They tend to be peacemakers within the family and may develop negotiation and compromise skills. They may also feel a sense of being “sandwiched” between older and younger siblings.

3. Youngest children: Youngest children often display traits such as creativity, risk-taking, and outgoing personalities. They may enjoy being the center of attention and can be skilled at getting their way. They may also benefit from the guidance and support of older siblings.

4. Only children: Only children, who do not have siblings, may exhibit characteristics similar to firstborns. They tend to be mature, self-confident, and comfortable with adult interactions. They may have strong relationships with their parents and may be more comfortable with solitude.

It is important to remember that these generalizations are not absolute, and individuals may exhibit characteristics that differ from the typical descriptions associated with their birth order. Other factors, such as family dynamics, gender, and individual temperament, also play a role in shaping a person’s personality and behavior.

Bisexuality

Bisexuality refers to a sexual orientation characterized by attraction to both males and females. A bisexual individual can experience emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attraction to people of their own gender as well as people of other genders. It is important to note that bisexuality is not limited to just two genders; it can include attraction to individuals who identify as non-binary, genderqueer, or other gender identities beyond male and female.

Being bisexual does not necessarily mean that a person is equally attracted to all genders or that their attractions are always balanced. It is a broad spectrum, and individuals may experience different levels of attraction to different genders.

It’s important to recognize and respect the diverse experiences and identities within the bisexual community, as people’s experiences and preferences can vary widely. It is also important to note that sexual orientation is just one aspect of a person’s identity and does not define their entire being.

Blackout

The loss of memory for a specific period of time, and is usually used in reference to memory loss induced by alcohol or other drugs. People typically use the term blackout to refer to memory loss due to alcohol consumption. The memory loss is temporary and lasts only for the time that the person is intoxicated. While the concept of a blackout is widely accepted in popular culture and is often used to justify inappropriate behavior while drunk, there is little evidence that people do not know what they are doing while they are drunk. A person who gets into a bar fight and who then blacks out and has no memory of the bar fight was likely still aware of the fight when it was occurring. However, his or her inhibitions were decreased by the alcohol.

A blackout can be complete or partial. In the latter form, a person might remember portions of the time during which they were intoxicated but struggle to remember everything. In a complete blackout, a person remembers nothing and might even not remember drinking. Complete blackouts can be extremely frightening and dangerous, particularly when someone wakes up in an unfamiliar location after drinking. Alcohol kills brain cells, and chronic substance abuse can interfere with brain functioning, including memory formation. However, a blackout is a different kind of memory loss that seems to only occur for the time the person was intoxicated. A significant increase in blood alcohol concentration could temporarily interfere with brain functioning, inhibiting the ability of the brain to process and encode new memories. Excessive drinking in general poses several dangers, including psychiatric problems and cognitive issues. But the loss of memory is especially disconcerting, particularly for people who black out regularly. Blackouts can even cover up crimes. For example, a person who was date raped while drunk might have no recollection of the assault the next day.

Blended Family Issues

Blended families, or stepfamilies, are now common in the United States. Nearly half of marriages in the United States end in divorce. At least half of children in the U.S. live with a biological parent and a stepparent. This person might also be called a “bonus” parent. Bringing two parents and their children together can be challenging. Children may be used to different parenting styles and family routines. Visitation or conflict between separating parents can cause stress. Conflict between stepparents and parents that live outside the new family can also increase stress. Another point of potential conflict is any new stepsiblings. It can take time for children to adapt to the new family structure. It may help to speak with a therapist about the transition before it begins.

Studies show 66% of second marriages involving children from previous marriages end. The stress all members of a new blended family go through may factor into this. Stress in a new family situation is normal. The transition may appear to have gone well. Even then, there is often some stress. The term “blended family” might imply a smooth transition. But the early years of a blended family are likely to be difficult. It can take time for both families to get used to living together. This can be due to many factors, including:

Different parenting and discipline styles
Development of new relationships
Strong or conflicting emotions

These challenges can occur even if everyone got along before living in the same space. The couple may have a hard time getting used to their new roles in the family. One or both adults will need to learn how to parent stepchildren. Issues with stepchildren can also bring tension into the relationship.

Some common challenges for couples in blended families include:

Becoming a new parent in a blended family. Some adults enter a blended family with no children of their own. They will take on the parental role for the first time as stepparents. Getting used to this new role can cause even more stress. This can be difficult for someone entering a new relationship. It can be hard to balance being liked by a stepchild and parenting them well. It often takes time to adjust to parenthood. It can also take time to gain acceptance from a partner’s children.

Relationships between ex-partners and stepparents. When old relationships end, people may choose to move on and focus on their new partner. This can mean they stop communicating with their ex-partner. But this is often more complicated when children are involved. Children may wish to stay close to both of their biological (or first) parents. A court-ordered parenting plan could require the child to spend time with each parent. This can mean the remarried parent must continue speaking with their ex. In blended families, the ex may be called the non-residential parent.

Some people feel threatened by their partner’s contact with their ex. Other times, the non-residential parent feels the stepparent is not treating their children fairly. Any of these situations can increase tension in a blended family. Strained relationships can make the adjustment more difficult.

Children, especially older children, can also be stressed by change. More changes may mean more stress. Children are often affected the most by joining a blended family. They have already gone through their parents’ divorce. Then, they must adjust to a new parent and new rules. They may express frustration through behavioral or emotional outbursts.

Children may struggle with feelings about a new stepparent. They might be used to treating their parent’s partner as a friend. Becoming a blended family can change this dynamic. When their “friend” takes on the role of parent, the child may come to resent them. They may feel their new parental figure seeks to “replace” their other parent.

Children might also be reluctant to trust a stepparent. They may feel abandoned by a biological parent after a divorce. And when the child starts caring for the stepparent, they may struggle with new emotions. There may be worry that love for the stepparent betrays their biological parent.

Sibling rivalry can also take on a new dimension. Children may feel they must compete for attention and dominance in the new household. A child might also worry their biological parents could start preferring their stepsiblings. Children may also bully a stepsibling. If a child is competitive or insecure, this could be more likely.

Visitation with the other parent can also cause trouble. The child may be used to spending unstructured family time every day. A parenting plan can make their life feel less flexible or spontaneous. Children can experience stress when structures they are used to crumble.

Visitation can become confusing. Scheduling conflicts can create tension. New family members may have little time to get used to each other. Children may also complain about their stepparent to the non-residential parent. This can add tension to what may already be a strained relationship between separated parents.

Grief from the loss of the single family unit dynamic can also be a factor during the transition. A remarriage could takes place after the death of one parent. In this case, a child may still be grieving the loss of the other parent. A child may also feel grief for the loss of their old family dynamic. If so, they could be further triggered by a remarriage. Children may need more space and time to finish the grieving process. They can then come to accept the new parent at their own pace.

Blunted Affect

Body Image

Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID)

Body Psychotherapy

Body Talk System

Body-Mind Psychotherapy

Borderline Personality

Boundaries

Brain

Brain Waves

Brainspotting

Brainwashing

Breakup

Breathwork

Brian Gilmartin

Bulimia Nervosa

Bullying

Buprinorphine

BuSpar

Bystander Apathy