The Transtheoretical Model (TTM), often referred to as the Stages of Change Model, provides a framework for understanding how individuals move through a series of steps toward adopting or changing behaviors. This model, pioneered by James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente in the early 1980s, suggests that change does not happen all at once but in incremental phases that address the person’s readiness, motivation, and intention (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1982). By recognizing these stages, a counselor can tailor interventions to a client’s specific needs, thereby supporting the client in making gradual progress toward healthier behaviors.

The first stage is Precontemplation, during which an individual has no current intention of changing a behavior, often because they do not perceive it as problematic. In this phase, a client may be unaware of certain risks or might believe that change is unnecessary. The next stage is Contemplation, where the client starts to recognize the potential benefits of change and begins weighing the pros and cons. Although they are more open to discussing the issue, they have not yet committed to taking concrete steps.

When the client moves into the Preparation stage, they are planning to take action soon and may even have taken small preliminary steps. This progress sets the foundation for the Action stage, where the client actively implements new behaviors and strategies to achieve their goals. The counselor’s support during this period is often crucial, as the client may face obstacles that test their motivation. After sustaining the new behavior for a period, the person transitions into the Maintenance stage. In Maintenance, the client focuses on preventing relapse by reinforcing positive changes and building resilience. While some models include Termination as a final stage—meaning the person has fully integrated the new behavior and no longer feels tempted to relapse—not all individuals or situations reach this point, and many consider Maintenance a continuing process (Prochaska & Velicer, 1997).

By meeting clients where they are in the stages of change, counselors and other health professionals can help them explore their behaviors compassionately and collaboratively. This approach ensures that interventions align with the client’s mindset, readiness, and environmental influences. Understanding that change is a process—rather than a sudden transformation—can foster patience and empathy. A counselor who appreciates this model provides a more personalized approach, thereby increasing the client’s motivation to move forward at their own pace.